Therefore, since the harm of excision has been established, excision of the clitoris of females is not a mandatory obligation, nor is it a Sunnah."[418]. "Middle East Report 218 (2001): 1217. [275][276] In Afghanistan, over 85% of women report domestic violence;[277] other nations with very high rates of domestic violence and limited legal rights include Syria, Pakistan, Egypt, Morocco, Iran, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. 202230. [81], Although the Quran doesn't explicitly require Muslim women to cover their faces or heads, the observance of sexual modesty and plain dress for both Muslim men and women is prescribed by the adth literature and sunnah (deeds and sayings attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions);[2] the practice of forced veiling is perceived in some areas as a form of gender apartheid. [94], There are location-variations for women within mosques and congregations. .css-17zuyas{display:block;font-family:Sailec,Sailec-fallback,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-17zuyas:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-17zuyas{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-17zuyas{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-17zuyas{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-17zuyas{font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.4;}}.css-17zuyas h2 span:hover{color:#CDCDCD;}This Self-Defense Tool Is Already in Your Pocket, Violence Against Women Isnt About a Ponytail, Why Molly Seidel Dialed Back Her Strava Use, Watch "NOT TODAY," a Film From Runner's World, 12 Running Charities to Support This Year, How to Be Inclusive Toward LGBTQ+ Runners, I Run to Fight the Erasure of Indigenous People, How I Teach Runners to Have Hard Conversations, As an Asian American, I Cannot Outrun Racism. [309] A woman has the freedom to propose to a man of her liking, either orally or in writing. J. Soc. [122] This increase was due to the greater contribution to the education of women and greater encouragement in women's religious participation. Once a week they meet in-person or online for small-group discussion around what theyve read. (2010). '[457][458], A Muslim woman may not move in a mosque and is relieved from duty of performing salat while she is menstruating or during postpartum period, because bodily fluids are considered ritually impure in Islam. [2][3][4], Among the influences which have played an important role in defining the social, legal, spiritual, and cosmological status of women in the course of Islamic history are the sacred scriptures of Islam: the Quran;[5] the adth, which are traditions relating to the deeds and aphorisms attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions;[6] ijm', which is a scholarly consensus, expressed or tacit, on a question of law;[7] qiys, the principle by which the laws of the Quran and the sunnah or prophetic custom are applied to situations not explicitly covered by these two sources of legislation;[8] and fatw, non-binding published opinions or decisions regarding religious doctrine or points of law. [462] Others say it is possible, in some circumstances. (2003), Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World, Macmillan Reference, Nilfer Gle, Snapshots of Islamic Modernities, Daedalus, Vol. The Institute for Muslim Mental Health is committed to optimizing the Muslim communitys emotional health and well being by mobilizing a network of mental health professionals to ensure all American Muslims have access to high-quality resources. 'It is worth more than a hundred', he told the surprised woman. [494][495], Hui women are self-aware of their relative freedom as Chinese women in contrast to the status of Arab women in countries like Saudi Arabia where Arab women are restricted and forced to wear encompassing clothing. [64] Islamophobia researcher and convert to Islam Linda Hyokki points out that at an even higher risk of Islamophobia are Muslim women of color, as they are always susceptible to Islamophobia, with or without their headscarves. [382] The wives share as inheritance a part of movable property of her late husband, but they do not share anything from immovable property[citation needed] such as land, real estate, farm or such value. [144] Similarly, in Malaysia,[145] Algeria,[146] and in Saudi Arabia,[147] the majority of university students have been female in recent years, while in 2016 Emirati women constituted 76.8% of people enrolled at universities in the United Arab Emirates. Michael, M; King, L; Guo, L; McKee, M; Richardson, E; Stuckler, D (2013), Klasen, S. (1994), "Missing women" reconsidered, World Development, 22(7), 10611071, WAEL B. HALLAQ, SHARIA: THEORY, PRACTICE, TRANSFORMATIONS 271 (2009). In some cases, when women have the right to work and are educated, women's job opportunities may in practice be unequal to those of men. 847 Sumpter Road Engineer, A. Moreover, given that a number of populous Muslim-majority countries such as Indonesia and Turkey are categorised as dynamic emerging economies in formulations such as MIST and Next eleven,[558] these women increasingly have an impact far beyond their national borders. Rudolph Peters, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press. Hui women point out these restrictions as "low status", and feel better to be Chinese than to be Arab, claiming that it is Chinese women's advanced knowledge of the Quran which enables them to have equality between men and women. Oxford University Press. [60] Conversely, women, who symbolise unfolding, infinitude and manifestation, are not bound by the same constraints. Surgeon General Issues a Warning About Teen Social Media Use. In 2007 the Cairo-based Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research, an entity belonging to what is generally regarded as one of the most significant theological universities in the OIC, ruled that female genital mutilation has no basis in Islamic law. eLv]+1-UYPPUeL.%a@-1d/S^e%%}z g9Le#{KBI2IO]FZtDTI=Mx>V, LMK>U&(XL>-qFtF!}@)A1|b4F3q>_(Vo~z&y&U'zK}p'{6, X^)ukp [102], A 1990 fatwa commissioned by the Saudi Arabian Ministry of the Interior formally enacted a ban on women driving. The expansion of women's religious involvement helped challenge the role of women in the domestic sector and paved the way for a greater expansion of knowledge. Compaign for Afghan Women and Girls - Feminist Majority Foundation. [498], There are a number of prominent female Islamic scholars. Find Women's Issues Group Therapy and Support Groups for Women's Issues Near You. [438][439] Divorce by mutual consent has only to be agreed upon by both parties to become effective. Article 53 of the United Arab Emirates' penal code acknowledges the right of a "chastisement by a husband to his wife and the chastisement of minor children" so long as the assault does not exceed the limits prescribed by Sharia. [329][330] The minimum duration of a temporary marriage is debated between scholars, with some saying the minimum duration is as low as 3 days and others saying it is as high as 1 year. [576] Furthermore, the miraculous birth of Christ from a virgin mother is recognised in the Quran. M. Steven Fish (2002), "Islam and Authoritarianism". Citizenship. [58] In Islamic tradition, silk is strongly associated with Heaven. Islamic Charity Organizations In USA | Muslim American Society The Women's Travel Group is an all female enterprise that organises luxury tours for women. She is the Creator you could say that she is not created. In the Mamluk Sultanate and Ottoman Empire, the rate of divorce was high. [313] Accordingly, Muslim women in contemporary America are sometimes shocked to find that, even though they were careful to list their assets as separate, these can be considered joint assets after marriage. [57] Data shows that American Muslim women are actually more likely than Muslim men to fear for their safety from white supremacist groups (47% vs. 31%) and nearly one in five (19%) Muslim women say they have stress and anxiety enough to believe they need the help of a mental health professional as a result of the 2016 presidential elections, compared with only 9% of American Muslim men. It was also the first time she had ever run. [398][399] Some Islamic jurists suggest touching and foreplay, without any penetration, may qualify wudu (minor ritual washing) as sufficient form of religiously required ablution. Religious qadis (judges) have admonished the man or women who fail to meet these duties. Even within the Quran itself, the most common use[where?] [60], Clothing such as ijbs, chdors, and burqas are typically worn in public only. [220] Iran witnessed several highly publicized stonings for zina in the aftermath of the Islamic revolution. [551] Persian miniatures show Muslim women jointly playing polo with men in the same field. ", The U.S. [643] Others point out the incredible amount of flexibility of sharia law, which can offer greater protections for women if the political will to do so is present. He said, " This is deficiency of her mind". In the past year and a half, running once a week with fellow Muslim women, some who wear the traditional hijab head covering, has given Khan a community, one thats increasing representation and building confidence for its members along the way. Doi, A. Rahman, & Bewley, A. Founded by Muslim women, Texas Muslim Womens Foundation empowers, promotes and supports all women and their familiesa mission that ultimately creates stronger communities. However, some Muslim countries gave women suffrage in the early 20th century. Finding information about Islamic Divorce Support Groups was tough. [574], Moreover, the Biblical statement that Eve was created from Adam's rib (the famous 'third rib') finds no echo in the Quranic account: both male and female were created 'from one soul' (Srah 4:1). If you are in immediate danger, please call 911. Our model is to train and mobilize mental health professionals as well as generate scholarly research and knowledge to better serve the community. [87][88][89] These policies of forced veiling have been criticized as coercive instruments for gender segregation that deny female autonomy and agency. [348] In the Quran, Surah An-Nisa gives a list of forbidden marriages. Child Marriage in Yemen, "Top Saudi cleric: OK for young girls to wed", Muslim groups oppose ban on child marriage, Indonesian cleric arrested over child bride, More on child brides: After a political fight, Nigeria will continue allowing them, "Saudi Arabia moves to ban child marriage with a new ruling", "Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriage", "Society girl Santa joins the ranks of religious converts", "Women's reproductive health: Monotheistic religious perspectives", "Girls in UK Sunday schools are victims of FGM the Church must take a stand", "The Jewish and Christian view on female genital mutilation", "The Islamic view on female circumcision", "FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION: INFORMATION PAPER FGM/40", "Convincing Egyptian Doctors to 'Do No Harm', "OIC chief calls for abolition of female genital mutilation", "US-OIC roundtable at the UN seeks ways to eradicate FGM/C", "The State of the World's Children 2015: Executive Summary", "BBC Ethics Abortion: Female infanticide", "The mystery of missing female children in the Caucasus: an analysis of sex ratios by birth order", HIGH SEX RATIO AT BIRTH IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE, Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications, Abandoned, Aborted, or Left for Dead: These Are the Vanishing Girls of Pakistan, The Social Directives of Islam: Distinctive Aspects of Ghamidi's Interpretation, "The private is political: Women and family in intellectual Islam", al s, Mohammad ibn Hasan ibn Ali Abu Ja'far (Sheikh al-Taifah, author), "Menstruation: Proofs for the Impermissibility of Women Touching the Quran or Entering the Mashaf", "Can a menstruating woman visit the mosque or recite the Quran? Steal this Hijab.com, inspired by the forms of (eminent) criticism from Abbie Hoffman to Audre Lorde and Shirin Neshat, affirms Herbet Marcuses wisdom that the great refusal takes many forms.. [629], Within the Muslim community, conservatives and Islamic feminists have used Islamic doctrine as the basis for discussion of women's rights, drawing on the Quran, the hadith, and the lives of prominent women in the early period of Muslim history as evidence. [citation needed], From the earliest centuries of Islam, Muslims have visited shrines and mosques to pray, meditate, ask forgiveness, seek cures for ailments, and seek grace a blessing or spiritual influence (barakah) sent down by God. [380] A divorce under Islamic law does not require redistribution of property. The study did not find there to be any significant age or race difference. Moreover, it is important to recognize that in Islam, home and family are firmly situated at the centre of life in this world and of society: a man's work cannot take precedence over the private realm. ", "Virgin Mary's house the place where wishes come true", "Virgin Mary Monastery to draw Smela's visitors", "Mosque of Virgin Mary in Tartus plays on 'sectarian nerve', "National Mosque Open Day: Public welcomed inside Melbourne mosque to quash Islam misconceptions", "A History of Algeria by James McDougall war and peace", "Restored mosque brings hope for Cyprus divide", "American Muslim Poll 2018: Key Findings | ISPU", "Authors of 'The Holy Qur'an, English Translation' First English Translation by a Woman", "Muslim Heritage in the Knowledge-Economy Conference in Jeddah", "Shajarat (Shaggar, Shagar) al-Durr And her Mausoleum in Cairo", "Women of 2015: Tsai Ing-wen, Taiwanese presidential candidate", "Photos: Pakistan's iron lady, Benazir Bhutto", Pretender to Universalism: Western Culture in a Globalizing Age, "Megawati: The Princess Who Settled for the Presidency. In 2016, the OIC Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations reaffirmed its determination to eliminate FGM/C by 2030. [536] Kuwait granted its women the right to vote in the first half of the 1980s;[537] this right was later rescinded, and then reintroduced in 2005. These values stress old-fashioned romance and traditional familial structures, which are viewed favourably by women in territories such as Latin America, especially when contrasted with the perceived violence and over-sexualisation of local and US offerings. Through meaningful partnerships in learning, Muslim mental health professionals are well equipped to support students, trainees, young professionals and peers. 735745, Kandiyoti & Kandiyoti (1987), Emancipated but unliberated? Bibi Pak Daman is the collective name of the six ladies believed to interred at this mausoleum, though it is also (mistakenly) popularly used to refer to the personage of Ruqayyah bint Ali alone. Men are also told to dress modestly and to lower their gaze in front of women so as to avoid looking at them lustfully, a sort of veil in itself. This is evident in the romantic relationship between Rumi, who is widely recognised as the greatest poet of Sufism, and his mentor Shams Tabrizi. ", "Atifete Jahiaga Elected As Kosovo's First Female President", "The new president of Mauritius is a Muslim woman", "Louisa Hanoune, First female candidate to stand for the Algerian presidential elections", "Only woman in Algeria presidential race 'won't hold back', "At Work with the FT: Susi Pudjiastuti, Indonesia's fisheries chief", "Turkey's 'Iron Lady' Meral Aksener Is Getting Ready to Challenge Erdogan", "Dariga Nazarbayeva: Kazakhstan's understudy president", "Indonesia Penalizes Parties in Fight for Women: Southeast Asia", "DAP lawmaker moots 30pc quota for women in politics as Malaysia trails Indonesia's democracy", "Tunisia's Ennahda and Ettakattol women MPs celebrate", "Tunisia passes landmark election law for November vote", "UN Women welcomes increased number of women in Algeria's Parliament", "Senegal's President Macky Sall wins national assembly landslide", "Has Senegal's gender parity law for MPs helped women? xiixx. In contrast to many other cultures, a woman in Islam has always been entitled as per sharia law to keep her family name and not take her husband's name. [116]:196,198 Similarly, al-Sakhawi devotes one of the twelve volumes of his biographical dictionary Daw al-Lami to female religious scholars between 700 and 1800CE, giving information on 1,075 of them. Ask her why she wears a hijab and her thoughts about it. With time, perseverance, and positive action, things should get better. [125] Women who participated in the transmission of the adth were known as muhaddithat.[123]. A Muslim man and woman do not merge their legal identity upon marriage, and do not have rights over any shared marital property. And it can save her from punishment if she oaths by God four times that he is of liars. Includes slides from the first annual art exhibit and an online art gallery. The experiences of Muslim women (Arabic: Muslimt, singular Muslimah) vary widely between and within different societies. While we have a unique understanding of the needs of Muslim families, we are open to all and do not discriminate based on age, race, religion, color, gender, disability, sexual orientation or national origin. Resources & Services A list of resources and organizations that especially cater to Muslim clients experiencing mental health or family-related issues. Syed, J. Often, this consideration almost always consists of the wife relinquishing her claim to the deferred mahr. [554], The Islamic Solidarity Games is a large multi-sport event held every four years in which all qualifying athletes from Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries can compete, regardless of their religious affiliation. On the contrary, one of the perfections of the gnostic is love for them, for this is a prophetic heritage and a divine love. Women have presentational and, significantly, financial roles in OIC member states' television, film and Internet sectors. a partir de los 50 ! He answered: 'When a woman is pregnant, she has the reward of someone who spends the whole night praying and the whole day fasting; when the contractions strike her, no one knows how much reward God gives her for having to go through this, and when she delivers her child, then for every suck it draws from her, she receives the reward for keeping a soul alive. In collaboration with Yale School of Medicine, we are offering an online cultural competency program that offers 2.0 hours of continuing medical education credits. [621] According to Susanne Leuenberger of the Institute of Advanced Study in the Humanities and the Social Sciences at the University of Bern, females make up around 6070% of conversions to Islam in Europe. Despite what the media and numerous human rights groups have led many in the Western world to believe, Muslim women do not need to be rescued from Islam. 1 (Winter, 2000), pp. Afzal says she still sometimes feels self-conscious wearing the hijab, but then she remembers the community of Muslim women who run too. As in the rest of the world, the new technological and organisational developments of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have led to the creation of electronic media industries in OIC member countries. She replied, "Yes. MSA - Muslimah Sports Association Check out our YouTube video to the right for a tour. Group members spend time in personal Bible study during the week with . [413], In answering the question of how "Islamic" female circumcision is, Haifaa A. Jawad an academic specialising in Islamic thought and the author of The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach has concluded that "the practice has no Islamic foundation whatsoever. That little bit of support can make a world of difference, Afzal says. As she progressed, Shahid posted about her experience on social media, sharing race results and notable running moments. [38] In general, a woman's sphere of operation is the home in which she is the dominant figure and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside world. Association Tunisienne des Femmes Dmocrates (Tunisia), Australian Muslim Womens Centre for Human Rights(Australia), Bahrain Center for Human Rights (Bahrain), Egyptian Centre for Womens Rights (Egypt), Libyan Womens Platform for Peace (Libya), Iranian and Kurdish Womens Rights Organization (London, UK). Find a Women's Issues Support Group - Psychology Today [57], In today's modern context, the question of why Muslim women wear the hijab is met with a variety of responses by Muslim American women, including the most popular, "piety and to please God" (54%), "so others know they are Muslim" (21%), and "for modesty" (12%). If he takes oaths she is to be punished with 100 flogging and stoning unless she too takes oaths in similar way to support her case, her oaths are upheld over his and she will not be punished(24:69).[224]. And this (i.e. The Handbook of Contemporary Families, pp. [169], Islamic faith states that in the eyes of God, men and women should be equal and are allowed to fulfill the same roles. Important female scholars such as Shuhda, Zaynab, Aisha, and Fatimah were trained at a very young age and influenced heavily by family members who were also scholars or immersed in the knowledge. Since 2005, Texas Muslim Women's Foundation has been an ambassador of the peaceful, caring Muslim community. community in Arizona. [221] While the harsher punishments of the Hudood Ordinances have never been applied in Pakistan,[222] in 2005 Human Rights Watch reported that over 200,000 zina cases against women were underway at various levels in Pakistan's legal system. Women in Black An international network of women committed to peace and actively opposed to war, militarism and other forms of violence. Her goal was to run the entire distanceno walkingand improve on her time of 34 minutes. Fatwa are theoretically non-binding, but seriously considered and have often been practiced by most Muslims. [587] Similarly, India's third National Family Health Survey (2006) found that a number of socioeconomic reasons were more likely to explain the prevalence of polygamy than the religion of the parties involved. In recent years, the voices and experiences of Muslim women have incrementally become more amplified with the help of technology and are now louder than ever. It does need to be said. [197] These rights cannot be altered, irrespective of marital status. [549] Research has found that media along with politics, particularly, in European society, perpetuate these stereotypes of Muslim women. MWCV Melbourne Australia The aim of this project is to 'shed light more generally on how context shapes women's successful participation in STEM in ways that inform our efforts to broaden participation in the US', where female enrolment rates in engineering are typically 1520%. Her goal was to run the entire distanceno walkingand improve on her time of 34 minutes. [37] In Islamic cosmological thinking, the universe is perceived as an equilibrium built on harmonious polar relationships between the pairs that make up all things. The saving face includes anything that people do to present themselves as someone that they are not to gain social credibility. [312] According to the Quran (at 4:2),[15] the wife may freely choose to give part of their dowry to the husband. These rights protect Muslim women's right to participate equally in society, whether at work, at school, at the DMV or other government offices, in the criminal justice system, or in public places. [265][266] The relationship between Islam and domestic violence is disputed by some Islamic scholars. Make Muslim Friends Welcome to LoveHabibi - the online meeting place for Muslim friends. While working on her dissertation for graduate school, she was inspired by her friend Namrah Shahid, 26, who at the time was one of the few visibly Muslim women at local races. At AMA, we care about our community members. If they party liable is mentally deficient, or weak, or unable himself to dictate, let his guardian dictate faithfully, and get two witnesses, out of your own men, and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her. The mother of three works in finance, and in the spring of 2020 she signed up for her first race, scheduled for October. Namrah Shahid, the founder of Hijabi Runners, in Roundhay Park, Leeds, U.K. (L-R) Ayesha Begum, Uroosa Khan, and Namrah Shahid on a run in Roundhay Park, Leeds, U.K. Running in a group with other women who are proud of the way they lookwe are all different shapes and sizes and [come from] different walks of lifeis really empowering. Rape is considered a serious sexual crime in Islam, and can be defined in Islamic law as: "Forcible illegal sexual intercourse by a man with a woman who is not legally married to him, without her free will and consent".[225]. Muslim families in the United States. Ligue franaise de la femme musulmane (Paris, France). [76], A famous hadith of Muammad states that "Heaven lies under the feet of mothers",[77][78] and accordingly and like all traditional systems Islam has honoured the work of homemaker and mother as being of the highest value. From the 1920s to the 1970s, the use of what is often referred to as the "veil" this term could mean anything from a face veil to a shawl loosely draped over the head declined until only a minority of Muslim women outside the conservative societies of the Arabian peninsula still used it. (Al-Quran 2:228)[citation needed] >>>>[447], This verse not only explains the divorce rights of women in Islam, it sets out iddah to prevent illegal custody of divorcing husband's child by a woman, specifies that each gender has divorce rights, and that men are a degree above women. [195][196] Some Islamic jurists have held that certain types of testimony by women may not be accepted. In pre-Islamic Arabian culture, marriage was generally contracted in accordance with the larger needs of the tribe and was based on the need to form alliances within the tribe and with other tribes. [214] These requirements made zina virtually impossible to prove in practice. Meet Our New Grantees The Women's Fund of Western Massachusetts fuels progress toward gender equity by funding the most promising solutions, collaborating with results-oriented partners, and by elevating the collective power of local women to take charge, and to lead with purpose. ", "Rise of Bosnian mayor with a head scarf challenging assumptions about Islam", "Turkey lifts decades-old ban on headscarves", "Hijab-wearing women react to Bosnia court ban", "The places in the world that have a burqa ban", "Bikinis and hijabs contrast on Albanian beach", "LEBANON: Where the Bikini Finds Sisterhood With the Hijab", "Morocco Bans Poster Calling on Tourists not to Wear Bikinis in Ramadan", "American Muslim Poll 2018: Full Report | ISPU", "Where are 'burqa bans' in Europe? Women's Groups | Bible Study Fellowship [491] In the modern era, while female activists and writers are relatively common, there has not been a significant female jurist in over 200 years. Again in [the] Mathanawi Rumi says a man who is wise and fine-spirited is understanding and compassionate towards a woman, and never wants to hurt or injure her. [176][381], And for you is half of what your wives leave if they have no child. (Al-Quran 2:233), Muammad also stated that if a woman dies in childbirth, she is counted as a martyr; the reward for martyrdom is Paradise. These Women Figured It Out. [58] The Quran speaks in several places of the sumptuous fabrics to be enjoyed by the virtuous in Paradise: their garments will be made of silk (22:23[59] and 35:33),[59] and they will recline on carpets lined with rich brocade (55:54). [332][333], Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband (even temporarily, after payment of a sum of money to the man or the man's family), by contrast, is not permitted. uqDBl (Z(_|N)dRDW !LP73 K \?h@b9q%e}%16 54@j~/E8"!Cn5*LFvb?G,u{{5/ Islam and Democracy", "The Liberation of Women in the Middle East. Ltd.; Kelly, S. (2010), Recent gains and new opportunities for women's rights in the Gulf Arab states, Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Gulf Edition; Editors: Kelly and Breslin; John C. Raines & Daniel C. Maguire (Ed), Farid Esack, What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions, State University of New York (2001), see pages 201203, Jackson, Nicky Ali, ed. [15], In the Islamic conception, every human being has a responsibility towards oneself. [352][356][357][358] Some clerics and conservative elements of Muslim society,[359][360] in various communities around the world,[361][362][363][364][365] have insisted that it is their Islamic right to marry girls below age 15.
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