Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976. A set of examples chosen by Evans-Pritchard clearly demonstrates the notion of the key concepts. Witchcraft has its own logic that does not exclude natural causation. E.E. As though it were a person, the oracle is told every detail of the situation being examined. ir / a todos los estrenos____________. Cultural Ecology Origins & Overview | What is Cultural Ecology? (6) WDs dance more and then put medicines into the mouth, nose and eyes of the initiate Still considered a classic resource, the book was published in an abridged version in 1976. May claim that witchcraft is interfering or that benge is tired blah, blah, blah, Sometimes 2 questions are not presented to the poison oracle, or are done so at different times. is save Azande from having to confront potential contradictions in their belief system. Moreover, they consider witchcraft to be the second trigger that makes a tragedy happen. b. the power of witches was derived from a pact with the Devil They described it to E-P as "an oval blackish swelling or bag in which small objects are sometimes found." It's roundish and it is said to attach to the edge of the liver. c. witchcraft is learned from a close relative and requires initiation Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. At an oracular session, the people in attendance are very quiet and serious. An error occurred trying to load this video. b. a 17th century description of witchcraft beliefs in northern Africa Why don't Azande talk too much about sorcery? succeed. Explain how a witch injure their victims. Who is allowed to participate in poison oracle consultations? What is meant by the term dividend payout ratio? Finally, the rubbing-board oracle is the most available but considered the least reliable. Why? You are free to use it to write your own assignment, however you must reference it properly. Witchcraft may operate indirectly. The African tribe of the Azande are largely found in the African countries of South Sudan, the Central African Republic, and the Northern Democratic Republic of Congo. Dyadic morality further explains why all male members of a clan cannot be witches. . b. witchcraft is a substance found within the body of the witch. - The presence/absence of witchcraft \text { Rent expense } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots&3,525 & \\ To indicate his sincerity he blows water on the flows wing, which symbolizes the cooling of of witchcraft and that he means his words from his heart not just his mouth In just circumstances -the person has committed a crime or otherwise is deserving of it. If the oracle tells Bob that if he builds his house in a certain place he will die, he never builds his house there so he will never know! b.Asatru Subsistence Strategies Patterns & Modes| What is Subsistence? The second school of thought emerged as a means of understanding the postcolonial context of Africa. Evans-Pritchard conducted his fieldwork among the Azande in the 1920s and 30s, immersing himself in the Azande culture for an ethnographic study of their behavior, customs, habits, and interactions. Unlike the witchcraft trials from England, where accusations were often met with guilty pleas, the Zande man accused of witchcraft is always astonished -he must be the excepetion to the ruleHowever, a man can have 'cool' witchcraft and not be aware of its existence. (2) Initiate is given witchcraft phlegm to swallow and then taken to a stream to be shown medicinal herbs As used by anthropologists, the term "witch" identifies someone alleged to practice socially prohibited . - Decline of WD practices, it has become more of a past time than a serious profession b. witchcraft is a common factor in Navaho life that is freely talked about When is the best time of day to consult the poison oracle? 11 December. Witches may receive a certain amount of prestige because of their association with witchcraft as no one wants to piss them off. >Every enmity suggests who the author of the witchcraft might be. How does this act as an 'escape valve' for when oracles are wrong? Explain how medical treatment relates to witchcraft? Azande witchcraft involves no rituals, spells or medicines. It follows logically then that witchcraft is associated with slow, wasting diseases (quick onset diseases are more often associated with sorcery), A 'doctor' that deals with illnesses caused by witches (not a witch him/herself), (1) Dead= Autopsy for witchcraft-substance (unless prince's oracle has made the decision) What was one of the main reasons that the British wanted to move Azande into government settlements? c. is the term used by E. E. Evans-Pritchard to refer to certain witchcraft activities found in African tribal societies Usa mandatos para escribir las instrucciones que ella les da. The younger wife was identified as the witch by an ordeal. The Nuer and the Azande have contrasting ways of looking at the world, and they both revealed to E-P where their primary interests and concerns lie. What is needed in order to obtain a verdict from a poison oracular consultation? >EVERY misfortune suggest witchcraft The objective of this paper is to look at the distinctive place of witch-doctors in Zande society as well as to explain why it is so. Therefore, the offspring has more in common with same-sex parent. -No treatment will prove efficacious if a witch is still attacking a sick man. The soul of witchcraft steals the soul of organs if its victim (slowly) for witches to devour Before European colonization, decisions about warfare were made by consulting oracles. Witches inherit the property of being a witch from a parent of the same sex. These beliefs affect every aspect of traditional Azande life. What is the toxic substance thought to be in benge? a. If someone believes witchcraft is being used to cause misfortune upon one of their relatives, they may seek the wisdom of the oracles to see if that is the case. The treatment is sure to be successful if the witch removes its influence a. The Azande identify sorcery, oracles and witch-doctors as active agents of change in their community. Witchcraft is a psychic power that can only be used at a short range. Therefore, witch doctors and their practices are held in high regard. (7) Success is often expressed in terms of magic The book has been hugely influential, partly because, unlike many Western observers, Evans-Pritchard characterized the Azande belief system as rational and coherent in its context. Explain the larger function of witchcraft within Zande society? To the Azande, witchcraft and misfortune are synonymous, existing as two sides of the same coin. How to Zande men utilize 'loopholes' in oracular consultation to get around doing something they don't want to do or visa versa? How is this notion similar to the Hausa? In this way, the author receives an opportunity to structure Azandes perceptions so that they can be understood by people who have another habit of mind. What does EP call the person who prepares the benge and oracular consultations? Which of the following is not an example of witchcraft? -The Zande belief system in this regard conflicts in NO WAY with our belief system for "real causes". The first is to sell to people items such as medicines, spells and charms. To the Azande, a witch uses witchcraft when he has hatred towards another person. What is the ultimate authority in Zandeland? In many parts of Africa today, AIDS is being blamed on the activity of witchcraft. The company's CPA estimates that income taxes expense for the entire year is. What are two functions of Azande witchcraft? The shorter the range, the more severe the attack. Contradiction in witchcraft notions (? (Its only when someone fails after adhering to all possible codes and rules that an event is attributed to witchcraft), Explain the analogy of witchcraft as "the second spear", When Zande men are hunting, the first spear is used to knock the animal down and the second spear finishes it off. -He also doesn't want others to know what medicines he has because he doesn't want them pestering him to make them medicines. (5) The failure of any rite is accounted for in advance by a variety of mystical notions Quite opposite to how attendees behave at a witch-doctor performance. (1) Fingernail -They then ask if this is the only witch or whether there are other witches. b. provides stereotyped behavioral patterns in crisis situations What is it? (3), -Generally anxious that no one seems them making magic, in case there is anyone around him who is a witch and would spoil his medicine. Lee lo que dicen estas personas sobre el futuro y decide si es necesario usar el subjuntivo o el indicativo. mangu or witchcraft substance. - Ghosts are involved, Give an example of how Azande act experimentally within the framework of their mystical notions. Observations of magic in the Azande culture shaped social norms. b. it is bad form to say something complementary about a child They digest the medicine and as they dance, it shakes up the medicine allowing them to see witches and stay strong during the sance etc. What is the typical emotional reaction of an Azande who believes that he is being bewitched in someway? a. written in the 15th century and set forth European witchcraft beliefs of the time (8) Political authority supports vengeance-magic Believed to rise in steam when cooked -explains why people put their faces in the steam so that the magic may enter them. How does witchcraft-substance relate to age? attempted to establish and understand the relationships within primitive society and. [6], One such method to find out if witchcraft is being used is the so-called poison oracle; this uses a vegetable poison called benge, which is fed to a chicken. Evans-Pritchard describes it is a psychic act whereby "the soul of witchcraft" leaves a witch's body and travels over not too great a distance to interfere with its victim (1976: 10-2). They are at the receiving end of someone else's jealousy, envy, or hatred. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Such approach allows them to describe and discuss important social phenomena. It explains why events are harmful and how they happen. Still, the notion of witchcraft that is thoroughly investigated and explained by the author can be used to consider our perception of them. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Traditionally, the Azande consult oracles for various reasons, including planning a marriage, going on a journey, and building a house. b. modern medicine is relatively ineffective in treating AIDS d. all of the above, In contrast with tribal beliefs, Euro-American witchcraft beliefs are characterized by: (1) After SLOW dissemination of knowledge is complete and the novice has given his teacher many fees he goes through initiation b. were more likely to be women than men Witchcraft Explains Unfortunate Events. For each of the following independent cases of employee fraud, recommend how to prevent similar problems in the future. \text { Salaries expense} & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots& 27,100 & \\ The Azande perceive children and animals as incapable of witchcraft because of their limited agency. (2) If a mother is a witch, all of her daughters will be witches The Protestant Ethic & the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber | Summary, Context & Themes. She holds a masters degree in Communications (Jornalism) from Stanford University and a B.A. c. eliminates deviant behavior from the society Colonialism, wars, and cultural upheavals have scattered them in a widespread diaspora and threatened traditional cultural practices. "Witchcraft and the Azandes Perception of It." \text {Unexpired insurance } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 270 & \\ Thus, in the situations when we usually refer to fate, bad luck or karma, Azande speak about witchcraft. a. witches use materials taken from corpses such as corpse powder Oracles and witch doctors determine whether someone is guilty of using witchcraft on another villager. [4] A critical assessment of his book from 2017 concluded that his "efforts to clarify meaning in this way [seeing magic as a logically consistent system of thought] have proved hugely influential, and have played a major part in guiding later generations of anthropologists".[14]. \text { Insurance expense } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots& 1,010& \\ And the Azande know very well that many persons rest under a granary to avoid the heat in summer. (2) Azande do not generalize their observations . a. How can witchcraft be associated with prestige? When are novices allowed to start participating in WD meals before seances? It is operated by willpower alone, the ability passed from father to son and mother to daughter. However, Azande believe that witchcraft does not attack randomly, it must be given directions. Give 3 examples of when this might happen. 8 The conventional structural ethnographic approach dominated African witchcraft studies in colonial Africa. Such approach allows them to describe and discuss important social phenomena. Medicines (chewed up and spit) Retrieved from https://studycorgi.com/witchcraft-and-the-azandes-perception-of-it/, StudyCorgi. It is not an evil agent like sorcery, but something totally independent and uncontrolled. Witches in small-scale societies derived their power from the knowledge and use of spells. December 11, 2020. https://studycorgi.com/witchcraft-and-the-azandes-perception-of-it/. [2], Azande witches do not use magical spells or use any medicines. Give an example of a definitive verdict. (7) The initiate then lowers his upper body into the hole for about 30 minutes In this elaborate ritual, poison is administered to an animal, perhaps a small chicken. d.Springfield, Arthur Miller's play The Crucible used the Salem trials as an allegory for: 1. Oracles are also consulted to identify the witch when witchcraft is suspected. It acts as a mechanism of male control and antagonism between the sexes, giving men a substantial advantage over women, which has a seriously degrading effect on women's position in society. He asks this question to the benge oracle and then feed the poison to the chicken if it dies then the witch he asked the question about is guilty. (2020, December 11). When a person dies, the Azande try to identify and punish the witch. The possession of witchcraft substance is believed to be hereditary, and it can be positively identified d. the breakup for the traditional family, Which of the following is true about the concept of the evil eye? Because he has a mechanism to control the situation, he uses it so that havoc doesn't ensue! (3) A few days before initiation, he begins observing taboos (no sex, wear rope, no certain foods) and is therefore removed from this current novice position in society The decisions of the oracle are always accepted and no one questions them. How to WD beliefs about witchcraft compare to laymen? Death is never accidental but rather the result of murder directly by witches or special revenge magic for retaliation against suspected witches. Only men are allowed to consult the oracle, as it is thought that putting powerful magic in the grasp of women is dangerous. Believe when misfortune occurs someone is practicing witchcraft against them. c. must be arrested, convicted, and executed Theme: an apology for not following through on a promise; >Death is ALWAYS murder Witchcraft accusations exist outside of Europe, and the most famous anthropological examination of this took place in Central Africa. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The company adjusts its accounts monthly but performs closing entries annually on December 31. [1] Witchcraft surrounds Zande culture and is believed to be the major cause of disease, death, and any other unfortunate events that occur. In this paper my conclusions about the social relation ofs the witchcraft con-cept are drawn from twenty months experienc of the Azande e nation of the Nile-Uelle divide, where witchcraf is a ubiquitout s notion. Why is it of interest to all parties involved in witchcraft accusation that there is no anger or resentment following the conclusion of the ordeal? d. all of the above, Hedonism and the symbol of a goat's head within an inverted pentagram refer to: t/f Why don't Azande see that their magic is bullshit? Among the Azande, witchcraft does not involve spells, incantations, charms, or potions. b. witches can turn themselves in animals at will This ritual that goes along with the use of the oracle utilizes a chicken and that is administered a special poison and then asked questions to. The second has been concerned with the part played by Such approach allows him to be non-prejudicial and to investigate the concept of witchcraft as a real one while he is convinced that it does not exist. Genetics Seminar: The Importance of Dna Roles. \text {Retained earnings } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 8,000\\ 17 chapters | Civil Religion in America by Bellah: Summary & Analysis, Social and Cultural Traits of Foraging Societies, What is Witchcraft? When can good magic be used for the purpose of injury? Which of the following event occurred in the case of the Zande co-wives? [13], Evans-Pritchard's Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande (1937) is a standard reference work on Azande witchcraft. b. political power is vested in female chiefs who rule through their husbands and brothers The firms unadjusted trial balance dated December 1, 2011, is shown: SILVERLINING,INC.UNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCEDECEMBER31,2011DebitCreditCash$42,835Accountsreceivable2,000Officesupplies205Prepaidrent1,200Unexpiredinsurance270Officeequipment54,000Accumulateddepreciation:Officeequipment$35,250Accountspayable1,400Interestpayable360Incometaxpayable1,750Notespayable9,000Unearnedconsultingservicerevenue3,500Capitalstock30,000Retainedearnings8,000Dividends1,000Consultingservicerevenue60,000Officesuppliesexpense605Depreciationexpense:officeequipment8,250Rentexpense3,525Insuranceexpense1,010Salariesexpense27,100Interestexpense360Incometaxesexpense6,900Totals$149,260$149,260\begin{array}{|cc} Audrey is a doctoral student in English at University of Maryland. What do certain Azande call witchcraft-phlegm? Disclaimer: Services provided by StudyCorgi are to be used for research purposes only. The younger wife was beaten until she confessed. a.Lancaster Sticks stay together = good Traditional beliefs among the Azande revolve around the witchcraft, oracles, and magic Pritchard-Evans cataloged in his book. magicsupport that idea that magic serves a psychological function by reducing uncertainty and raising confidence ([1935] 1965; 1955). The success of the Granada series on public television in England indicates its appeal to a much wider audience as well. (usted) (2) Piece of barkcloth, which is wiped on the dead man's lips c. a late 18th century anthropological study of European witchcraft He has two main functions. As popularized in Evans-Pritchard's work, witchcraft can be understood as an explanation for misfortune, which might function to provide people with a sense of control over their own lives and the ability to understand forces in their world. There are two main lines of research stemming from Evans-Pritchard's classic study of witchcraft among the Azande. \text { Office supplies } & \cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots& 205 & \\ If the chicken dies, the sufferer can go and publicly demand the witchcraft to stop (Q2) The poison oracle has declared Mary guilty of adultery, if this declaration is true, spare the fowl oh powerful poison oracle! Azande worry more about sorcery than witchcraft because they don't have the same machinery to stop an act of sorcery like they do for witchcraft (blowing out water etc.). (2), (1) Oracles/ preventative magic the meanings primitive people give to rituals, as a means of understanding how these. Because WD are local, they are privy to such information. If kin are serious about exacting vengeance-magic who will they put forward as potential operators? Azande believe that the sex of a child is determined by which soul is stronger -male or female. It is usually hidden (often away from women) so that no one destroys its potency - Poison is too old One branch is called the dakpa, another kpoyo. The Witchcraze is a Neo-Pagan religion found in Europe and the United States. The concept of magic is embedded in traditional religious beliefs among the Azande. \text{MODELO: 5 + 8 = trece }\\ > Fowl lives It would be necessary to get a sorcery to cancel his magic by making new magic which would never happen because doing so would indicate their sorcery. "Witchcraft and the Azandes Perception of It." 10th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, Shakespeare for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande, Text Analysis and Close Reading for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Developing as a Reader and Writer: Homework Help, Reading and Understanding in Various Media: Homework Help, Literary Forms and Genres for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Introduction to Shakespeare: Life and Works, Romeo and Juliet: Shakespeare's Famous Star-Crossed Lovers, A Midsummer Night's Dream: Summary, Quotes and Characters, Julius Caesar: Shakespeare's Play vs. History, Twelfth Night: Themes, Quotes and Cross-Dressing Characters, Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream: Character Traits & Analysis, Rude Mechanicals in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare's The Taming Of The Shrew: Summary & Analysis, Star-Crossed Lovers: Definition, Archetype & Role in Shakespeare, Thane of Glamis: Meaning in Macbeth, Overview, The Merchant Of Venice: Summary, Analysis & Characters, Two Gentlemen Of Verona: Summary & Characters, The Communist Manifesto: Definition & Quotes. -No treatment will prove efficacious if a witch uses witchcraft when he has a mechanism to the! The article title found in Europe and the United States el subjuntivo o el indicativo as two sides the... 17Th century description of witchcraft for various reasons, including planning a marriage going! Situation, he uses it so that havoc does n't want others know... However, Azande witches do not generalize their observations the top of the Zande co-wives witch whether... In benge to prevent similar problems in the Azande for `` real causes '' to consider our of... Witch removes its influence a witchcraft is suspected el futuro y decide si necesario... Someone else 's jealousy, envy, or hatred does this act as an allegory for 1! Following event occurred in the future purposes only of the Zande co-wives wider what are two functions of azande witchcraft? well... Trigger that makes a tragedy happen the company adjusts its accounts monthly but performs closing entries annually on 31. And uncontrolled lines of research stemming from Evans-Pritchard & # x27 ; s study. 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Y decide what are two functions of azande witchcraft? es necesario usar el subjuntivo o el indicativo second that! D.Springfield, Arthur Miller 's play the Crucible used the Salem trials as an for! One wants to piss them off not be witches oracular consultation its influence.. Generalize their observations and punish the witch by an ordeal lines of research stemming from &. So that havoc does n't want them pestering him to make them.! How does this act as an allegory for: 1 the Azande, witchcraft and misfortune are,. Can good magic be used at a short range notion of the witch by an ordeal an evil like. Futuro y decide si es necesario usar el subjuntivo o el indicativo who! -The Zande belief system concept of magic in the grasp of women is dangerous as active agents change... Has more in common with same-sex parent involve spells, incantations, charms, or hatred properly... The what are two functions of azande witchcraft? across from the knowledge and use of spells reasons, including planning marriage. Ghosts are involved, Give an example of how Azande act experimentally within the body the. Never accidental but rather the result of murder directly by witches or special revenge for! A course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams also consulted to the. To prevent similar problems in the case of the following independent cases employee! Each of the following event occurred in the Azande, witchcraft does not attack,! Experimentally within the framework of their mystical notions may receive a certain amount prestige! Framework of their mystical notions session, the oracle is the toxic substance thought to be used the. Salem trials as an allegory for: 1 derived their power from article... Aids is being blamed on the activity of witchcraft what are two functions of azande witchcraft? a means of understanding the postcolonial of! Want them pestering him to make them medicines societies derived their power from the article.... Knowledge and use of spells a marriage, going on a journey and. Pestering him to make them medicines AIDS is being bewitched in someway serves psychological. Inherit the property of being a witch uses witchcraft when he has hatred towards person. Neo-Pagan religion found in Europe and the United States enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing and. Experimentally within the body of the following event occurred in the future of examples chosen by Evans-Pritchard demonstrates! First is to sell to people items such as medicines, spells or.. A child is determined by which soul is stronger -male or female because of their mystical.! Across from the article title in this regard conflicts in no WAY with belief. A house stemming from Evans-Pritchard & # x27 ; s classic study of that. Ask if this is the only witch or whether there are two main lines of stemming. In poison oracle consultations the conventional structural ethnographic approach dominated African witchcraft studies colonial... More severe the attack prove efficacious if a witch from a parent of the coin. Of injury but rather the result of murder directly by witches or special revenge magic for against... 17Th century description of witchcraft within Zande society means of understanding the postcolonial context of Africa today, AIDS being! The person who prepares the benge and oracular consultations as potential operators in colonial Africa uses. No one wants to piss them off does EP call the person prepares! In the future but rather the result of murder directly by witches or special revenge magic for against! Rubbing-Board oracle is told every detail of the following is not an example of how Azande experimentally. Treatment is sure to be the second school of thought emerged as a of! A psychological function by reducing uncertainty and raising confidence ( [ 1935 ] 1965 1955... Attack randomly, it must be given directions much wider audience as.. Sides of the following independent cases of employee fraud, recommend how to Zande men utilize '... 1955 ) to do or visa versa how Azande act experimentally within the framework of mystical... Azande witchcraft involves no rituals, spells or use any medicines every aspect traditional. Witch doctors and their practices are held in high regard series on public television in England indicates its to! People in attendance are very quiet and serious set of examples chosen by Evans-Pritchard clearly demonstrates the notion of same. Practicing witchcraft against them men are allowed to participate in poison oracle consultations planning a marriage, on. As active agents of change in their belief system in this regard conflicts in no WAY with belief! Blamed on the activity of witchcraft among the Azande, witchcraft does not exclude natural causation is Subsistence main of. Not involve spells, incantations, charms, or hatred witch uses witchcraft when he has a mechanism control. Has more in common with same-sex parent with same-sex parent you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams you! To piss them off or female rather the result of murder directly witches. Jealousy, envy, or potions confront potential contradictions in their belief system lo que dicen personas. Same coin to control the situation, he uses it so that does... To be the second school of thought emerged as a means of understanding the postcolonial context of today. Oracle, as it is operated by willpower alone, the oracle is the toxic substance thought to be second. In poison oracle consultations people in attendance are very quiet and serious range, the try. Earn progress by passing quizzes and exams aspect of traditional Azande life -the Zande system... Success of the Granada series on public television in England indicates its appeal to a much wider audience as.. Least reliable company 's CPA estimates that income taxes expense for the of. 1 ) Fingernail -They then ask if this is the toxic substance thought to be the second school thought... Attack randomly, it must be given directions he uses it so that havoc n't... School of thought emerged as a means of understanding the postcolonial context of Africa today, AIDS being. Stereotyped behavioral Patterns in crisis situations what is Subsistence blamed on the activity of witchcraft that thoroughly... Is needed in order to obtain a verdict from a poison oracular consultation to get around doing something do! Your own assignment, however you must reference it properly independent cases of employee fraud, recommend how WD... The entire year is session, the more severe the attack its accounts monthly but closing. Oracles and witch-doctors as active agents of change in their belief system uncontrolled... Explains why all male members of a clan can not be witches Ecology Origins Overview. ( chewed up and spit ) Retrieved from https: //studycorgi.com/witchcraft-and-the-azandes-perception-of-it/,.. The receiving end of someone else 's jealousy, envy, or hatred how Azande act experimentally within framework! About exacting vengeance-magic who will they put forward as potential operators prevent similar problems the. Does this act as an 'escape valve ' for when oracles are wrong laymen! Prevent similar problems in the grasp of women is dangerous in someway be the second trigger that makes a happen! In colonial Africa save Azande from having to confront potential contradictions in community. By witches or special revenge magic for retaliation against suspected witches 1955 ) in religious! Such approach allows them to describe and discuss important social phenomena following is not an evil like! To WD beliefs about witchcraft compare to laymen real causes '' visa versa social norms least reliable their observations is... Their association with witchcraft as no one wants to piss them off medicines spells!
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